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Giovanni Berlinguer ((:berliŋˈɡwɛr)), Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI,〔(quirinale.it )〕 (9 July 1924 – 6 April 2015) was an Italian politician and professor of social medicine. ==Life and career== He was born in Sassari, Sardinia, the son of Mario Berlinguer. Like his brother Enrico, Giovanni Berlinguer was a major figure in the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1972, 1976 and 1979 and to the Senate in 1983 and 1987. He ran for the secretarship of the Democrats of the Left (DS) in 2001, being defeated by Piero Fassino 61.8% to 34.1%. From 2004 to 2009 he was a Member of the European Parliament representing the DS and sits with the Party of European Socialists group. At the convening of the Parliament on 20 July 2004 he was found to be the oldest member, and as such presided over the Parliament during the election of Josep Borrell Fontelles in 2004 and Hans-Gert Pöttering in 2007 as President of the Parliament. He was in charge of the first National Health Plan in the context of the Economic Development Program adopted by the Italian Parliament (1968). Member of the National Health Council between 1994 and 1996. Vice-chairman (1992-1995) and chairman (1999-2001) of the (National Bioethics Committee (CNB) ). Member of the UNESCO (International Bioethics Committee ) (2001-2007) and of the (Commission on the Social Determinants of Health ) of the World Health Organisation. He was (rapporteur on the first project (2003) ) of the UNESCO “(Universal Declaration on Bioethics )”. In the years of his chairmanship the CNB strategy underwent some noteworthy changes. Priority was given no more to “frontier bioethics”, but to its link with “everyday bioethics”.〔Giovanni Berlinguer, (''Bioetica quotidiana'', Firenze, Giunti, 2000 ). (English translation: (''Everyday bioethics. Reflections on bioethical choices in daily life'', Amityville, New York, Baywood, 2003 ). Spanish tr.: (''Bioética Cotidiana'', México, Siglo XXI, 2002 ). Portuguese tr.: (''Bioética Cotidiana'', Brasilia, Editora Universidade de Brasília, 2004 )). Giovanni Berlinguer, “Bioethics education, training and information” in: (''The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights'', Paris, UNESCO, 2009 ), p. 303-308.〕 This change implied that the CNB opinions were “open” to contributions not only of specialists, but also of lay people, and new channels of communication were established with the public at large. The democratic guidance had comments and a significant impact at the local, national and international level.〔(Giovanni Incorvati, “Identity and status of the Italian National Bioethics Committee : contrasting paradigms (1990-2006)”, ''International Journal of Bioethics'', 18, 2007, 1-2, p. 59-83. Giovanni Incorvati, Carlo Petrini, “The Italian National Bioethics Committee (CNB) abroad. A bibliography in foreign languages 1990-2007”, Ibid., p. 85-111. )〕 He died in Rome at the age of 90.〔(''Morto a Roma Giovanni Berlinguer'' in ''Repubblica.it'' )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Giovanni Berlinguer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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